![]() R was used to create the scatter plot and compute the correlation coefficient. To illustrate, look at the scatter plot below of height (in inches) and body weight (in pounds) using data from the Weymouth Health Survey in 2004. Source: Calle EE, et al.: N Engl J Med 1999 341:1097-1105Ī simple way to evaluate whether a relationship is reasonably linear is to examine a scatter plot. The relationship between alcohol consumption and mortality is also "J-shaped." Instead, this type of relationship is often described as "U-shaped" or "J-shaped," because the value of the Y-variable initially decreases with increases in X, but with further increases in X, the Y-variable increases substantially. Many relationships between measurement variables are reasonably linear, but others are not For example, the image below indicates that the risk of death is not linearly correlated with body mass index. In essence, finding a weak correlation that is statistically significant suggests that that particular exposure has an impact on the outcome variable, but that there are other important determinants as well. If that is the case, even a weak correlation might have be statistically significant if the sample size is sufficiently large. As a result, height might be a significant determinant, i.e., it might be significantly associated with BMI but only be a partial factor. So, height is just one determinant and is a contributing factor, but not the only determinant of BMI. For example, body mass index (BMI) is determined by multiple factors ("exposures"), such as age, height, sex, calorie consumption, exercise, genetic factors, etc. How can a correlation be weak, but still statistically significant? Consider that most outcomes have multiple determinants. There is quite a bit of scatter, but there are many observations, and there is a clear linear trend. It suggests a weak (r=0.36), but statistically significant (p<0.0001) positive association between age and systolic blood pressure. The scatter plot below illustrates the relationship between systolic blood pressure and age in a large number of subjects. The four images below give an idea of how some correlation coefficients might look on a scatter plot. Also, keep in mind that even weak correlations can be statistically significant, as you will learn shortly. The table below provides some guidelines for how to describe the strength of correlation coefficients, but these are just guidelines for description. 0.2917043 Describing Correlation Coefficients For example, we could use the following command to compute the correlation coefficient for AGE and TOTCHOL in a subset of the Framingham Heart Study as follows: Instead, we will use R to calculate correlation coefficients. You don't have to memorize or use these equations for hand calculations. Where Cov(X,Y) is the covariance, i.e., how far each observed (X,Y) pair is from the mean of X and the mean of Y, simultaneously, and and s x 2 and s y 2 are the sample variances for X and Y. Nevertheless, the equations give a sense of how "r" is computed. We will use R to do these calculations for us. However, you do not need to remember these equations. The equations below show the calculations sed to compute "r". The scatter plot suggests that measurement of IQ do not change with increasing age, i.e., there is no evidence that IQ is associated with age.Ĭalculation of the Correlation Coefficient ![]() Possible values of the correlation coefficient range from -1 to +1, with -1 indicating a perfectly linear negative, i.e., inverse, correlation (sloping downward) and +1 indicating a perfectly linear positive correlation (sloping upward).Ī correlation coefficient close to 0 suggests little, if any, correlation. The sample correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of the closeness of association of the points in a scatter plot to a linear regression line based on those points, as in the example above for accumulated saving over time. ![]()
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Before then, users had to bridge tokens to the Ethereum blockchain first, a process which incurred additional fees. ![]() Katana’s decentralized exchange services run natively on the Ronin sidechain, and would help Axie Infinity players and users to directly swap tokens without leaving the sidechain. RON rewards will be activated for the AXS/ETH & SLP/ETH pools later this week.įull article □ /QXmEs5YfOj You can now deposit liquidity and swap tokens. Today, we take one step closer to a more prosperous future for our nation ✨ Axie Infinity’s Ronin custom sidechain enabled fast, low-cost transactions for both $AXS and $SLP (Small Love Potion) reward tokens, and with the launch of Katana, both tokens’ prices have surged today. The launch was initially announced last month, as the protocol’s Axie Infinity Shards ($AXS) reached a then new all-time high of $153. 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The band earned a spot on the soundtrack by recording a rendition of the tune “Trashin’ the Camp,” a scat song that easily serviced the band’s style. After some successful publicity on the Disney Channel, NSYNC was brought on to contribute to the Phil Collins-composed soundtrack for Disney’s Tarzan. Since Justin Timberlake and JC Chasez were members of the Mickey Mouse Club early in their careers, NSYNC was fortunate enough to have close relationship with animation powerhouse Disney. And while The Backstreet Boys were first to put their music in movies, NSYNC’s first appearance in film was far more significant than that of the Boys. In the same way songs like “Everybody” were used to humorously set a scene in television shows, Saving Silverman established a long-running practice of Backstreet Boys (and NSYNC) tunes being used as comedic devices in films for the next decade.īy 1999, NSYNC was beginning to make its own contributions to film soundtracks. This excellent moment of dark comedy is accentuated by The Backstreet Boys hit “Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely.” As he mourns the supposed death of his oppressive girlfriend, young Darren Silverman, played by Jason Biggs, builds an altar of old photographs and lit candles. ![]() One particularly noteworthy example came in 2001’s Saving Silverman. It seems that in these early years, the Boys’ pop tracks were upbeat enough to set the stage for a party scene and cost-effective enough to grab the attention of film executives. In fact, the music of the Boys was heard in movies for a good three years before NSYNC’s first film appearance.įrom 1996 to 1999, lesser-known Backstreet Boys songs like “Boys Will Be Boys,” “If You Stay,” and “I Wanna Be With You” could be heard in some relatively large comedy releases, such as Eddie Murphy’s The Nutty Professor, Shaquille O’Neil’s Kazaam, Jamie Foxx’s Booty Call, the direct-to-video Casper: A Spirited Beginning, and - reuniting the Boys with Sabrina the Teenage Witch - Melissa Joan Hart’s Drive Me Crazy. And so we begin our biggest pop culture category, as both bands have made many film appearances during their lengthy careers.Īs with television, The Backstreet Boys were the first of the groups to jump onto the big screen. ![]() ![]() Before you connect to the MySQL databases, take a look at SSL-related content in the MySQL official document. ![]() So let’s take a look at how to make SSL connections. 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Let’s assume we run a simple SELECT * FROM STAFF query that shows table data containing personal information of customers while we have an unprotected connection. Let’s think about a particular situation in which SSL is not used, and the database security is vulnerable. Without an encrypted connection (SSL) to the databases, query statements, or data results exchanged between the user and the database can be exposed to a middle man. Similar to websites, SSL features are also useful when connecting to Databases. For example, the TLS/SSL protocol is an authentication process based on public keys and allows applications to protect their users’ privacy by providing essential support for SSL functionality.ĭoes the database require SSL capabilities? However, adding a security authentication procedure to the connection between the user and the server can help prevent a 3rd party attack. This act is defined as a Man in the Middle (MITM) attack. But what if someone intercepted sensitive data such as credit card numbers, account passwords, and other private information? Because the information is not encrypted, third parties may steal it and exploit it. It wouldn’t be a problem if it weren’t important information. So third parties may access that communication through the web server and pick off your information. Accessing a website that does not support SSL, your communication (sending and receiving information) with the site you’re accessing is not encrypted. You can still use the site after viewing the warning if you click the little Continue button, but if you choose to do so, then you will have no security. This error commonly occurs when HTTPS (SSL) is not applied to a website that’s accessed through Chrome. Even if you never heard of the term SSL, I think everyone has run into this error page at least once: Website warning that SSL is not applied While surfing the web, sometimes you might run across the error message “ Your connection is not private” when HTTPS is not set up locally. Why do we need a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)? Today, I’d like to suggest some steps to increase the security of a database: How to connect to an SSL-based database using JDBC. Given these backgrounds, database security solutions are no longer an option but a necessity. ![]() So there have been growing calls for companies to ensure strict data security. There have been dozens of data leakage incidents that made the entire nation uneasy in the past, like the famous situations with Facebook and Amazon. Security issues that occur in databases storing particularly sensitive personal information have a huge impact because they significantly violate the privacy of individuals. Difficulty in controlling access to databases: Issues that need to be given and managed by different users, such as modifying, adding, and deleting data depending on user needs.Data leakage and malicious change: When access information is leaked, data in the database is leaked out or tampered with for malicious purposes.Database Access Information Leaks: Exposure of accessible information such as usernames, passwords, and other sensitive information allows access to unauthorized third-parties.Here is an overlook on the issues involved: Database Security Issues But of course, there are multiple security issues in every database used. Why is Security important for a database?Īlmost every company, from start-ups to large corporations, uses databases to collect and store important information. QueryPie Development #9: Securely Accessing the Database ![]() |